Revolution

1st MISSION

Portal 1: The Enlightenment.

Vocabulary

ANCIEN RÉGIME: Term that conjures up the traditional institutions that 1789 French revolutionaries claim to be overthrown, that is to say, the estates of the realm, the economy of a centralized state and all beliefs based on authoritarian principles.

PHYSIOCRACY: Economic theory developed by a group of 18th century French economists like François Quesnay, who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of "land agriculture“. In this way, private property became part of this theory, unlike others often focused on the ruler's wealth.

ADAM SMITH: Scottish philosopher and a pioneer of political economy, who wrote “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”. He believed that the state should not interfere with economic activity and the manufacturers should be free to produce the goods that they want in order to respond effectively to the demands of the market. He is considered the father of economic liberalism, ideology that was put into practice by industrial capitalism.

FREEMASONRY: Secret societies of the 18th century in Europe, commonly called lodges. Some famous masons were Montesquieu, Franklin, Voltaire, Haydn, Mozart or Frederick II, King of Prussia. These societies traces its origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons in the Middle Ages (the square and the compass are still symbols) and tried to improve the society through a new mentality based on Reason, Equality and Freedom.

NEOCLASSICISM: Artistic movement of the 18th century that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome, when the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, covered by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered. The White House and Capitol building is remarkable. Thorvaldsen, Soufflot and Vignon were some of the main architects and Jacques-Louis Davidwas a great painter.

The Enlightenment

What was the Enlightenment

The reigns of Felipe V and Carlos III

The War of the Spanish Succession

Brief History of the Spanish Royal family

Carlos III of Spain

Reinforcement activities

Enrichment activity

NEOCLASSICISM IN MIRANDA

Portal 3: The Industrial Revolution.

Vocabulary

TRADE UNIONS: First outlawed organizations of workers founded in Britain in the 1830s that demanded improved working conditions and better wages.

I.W.A.: (International Workers’ Association), also known as the First International. It was founded in London at the end of the 19th century to politically organize the proletariat, examine common problems and propose action lines. It was not able to withstand the differences between anarchist and Marxist currents, but led to the Paris Commune: a revolutionary and socialist government that briefly ruled that city in 1871. Today it gathers unions of different countries, most of them anarcho-syndicalists.

SURPLUS VALUE: Difference between the object’s value: the workforce or what must be paid for it (although a worker works more time and should be paid more) and the price or market value of that object. That difference, therefore, between wage and market value of an object means value-added, which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit when products are sold.

KARL MARX: German philosopher economist and revolutionary socialist, born in a Jewish wealthy middle-class family. Together with Frederick Engels, he is considered the father of scientific socialism, modern comunism, marxism and dialectical materialism. The most notable books that he wrote were ‘The Communist Manifesto’ and ‘Das Kapital’.

La Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution (Edpuzzle)

Causes of the Industrial Revolution: agriculture

Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

Second Industrial Revolution

Comparing the Industrial Revolutions

Germinal (Trailer)

Modern Times (fragment)

Oliver Twist (Trailer)

The Industrial Revolution song

The labour movement

Children during the Industrial Revolution

A short history of trade unions

Origins of the labour movement

Differences between Anarchists and Communists (Germinal, fragment)

Reinforcement activities

Enrichment activity

Portal 2: Bourgeois revolutions.

Vocabulary

GIRONDISTS: Moderate political faction from the department of Gironde that represented the high bourgeoisie, collaborated with the Constitutional Monarchy of Louis XVI and ruled France during the National Convention and the Thermidorian Convention.

JACOBINS: Radical political faction that represented the middle and low bourgeoisie, identified with the revolutionary class. They ruled France during the Terror and Robespierre, Danton y Marat were the leaders.

NAPOLEON: Corsican general who rose to prominence during the Terror because of his military victories in Italy. He took power in a coup d’état on November ("the 18th Brumaire"), and installed himself as First Consul. In 1804 he made himself emperor, fought a series of wars and France secured a dominant position in continental Europe. After the Russian resistance and the Battle of Trafalgar against the British fleet (he imposed the Continental System to deny Britain trade with the continent) he was deposed and exiled to the island of Elba. He escaped to put an end to the restoration of the monarchy in France, but was defeated in Waterloo. He was exiled permanently and died on the island of Saint Helena.

ROMANTICISM: Cultural and artistic movement of the 19th century that prized intuition and emotion over the rationalism of the Enlightenment and also vouched for the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art. It reached beyond the rational and Neoclassicist ideal models to raise a revived medievalism with the Neo-Gothic style. The main themes of painters such as Géricault y Delacroix, were landscapes and historical events.