3rd MISSION
RENAISSANCE
Portal 2: Renaissance and Reformation.
Vocabulary
JOHANNES GUTENBERG: German blacksmith who introduced printing to Europe in the middle of the 15th century thanks to his invention of mechanical movable type printing (the woodblock printing was known in China), which reduced the price of books and generalized its diffusion.
LEONARDO DA VINCI: he was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, enginee an scientist. Their innovations in the field of the painting (technical of the “sfumato”) and, mainly, in the areas of anatomy, optics and hydraulics, anticipated many of the advances of modern science. Their more important paintings are: “The Last Supper” and the “Mona Lisa”.
MICHELANGELO: he is perhaps the most creative genius in art history: architect and Renaissance painter, he saw himself as an sculptor. In Florence, with only 13 years, he began to work for the Medici and had the opportunity to meet poets, princes and Popes. Their main works are: the Pietà, the David, the Sistine Chapel and St. Peter’s Basilica located within Vatican City.
MARTIN LUTHER: German monk outraged by the sale of indulgences (the pardon of sin), or papal bulls and by the fact that the money raised went to Rome. In his 95 Theses he defended that the salvation is through faith and rejected the authority of the Pope. Then, he was excommunicated and he did not recognize more authority than the Bible, that the Christians had to read in their mother tongue and interpret freely.
Humanism
World History Online - The Renaissance
World History Online - Italian Renaissance Art
Renaissance
Renaissance Documentary
Brunelleschi, Dome of the Cathedral of Florence
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Reformation
Introduction to the Protestant Reformation - Martin Luther
Portal 3: The Spanish monarchy.
Vocabulary
VICEROYALTIES: first administrative circumscriptions that divided the New World after the conquest of America. The first ones founded were: the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico and Central America) and the Viceroyalty of Peru (South America), both ruled by two viceroys as representatives of the monarch. The governors of provinces and town halls were under their authority: corregidors and cabildos or town councils. (the Audiencias administered justice).
HOUSE OF TRADE: (“Casa de Contratación”) established in Seville in 1503, it controlled the emigration and the products for the New World, monopolizing the commerce with the Indies. In addition, it had to assure the tax collecting and train sailors for the Atlantic navigation.
FRIAR BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS: Spanish Dominican friar, historian, theologian, Bishop of Chiapas (Mexico), philosopher and jurist. Like Antonio de Montesinos, he censured the behaviour of the colonizers abusing the natives, and that was the reason why he was officially appointed “Protector of the Indians” by cardinal Cisneros.
VALIDO: person who had the total confidence of a king, prince or powerful person and, as a chief minister, he was in charge of the affairs of state in his name. It was not an official position and concluded with the death of the monarch. In the 17th century the Duke of Lerma was the favourite of Felipe III and the Count-Duke of Olivares was the valido of Felipe IV.
The Spanish Habsburgs
Charles V and his problems
Felipe II
The economic crisis of the 17th century
Conquering and colonising America
